History The Roman Empire and The Feudal System - 760 Words

When the Roman Empire fell the people were left in confusion and left the people in awe. Since they were left without any ruling, they had no idea what to do. Riots and fights broke out throughout Europe. Kings and queens had to tame the corruption. The feudal system had been created to keep order throughout the kingdoms. This order was suppose to keep the kingdoms from ever corrupting again.The feudal system was made to keep order but itself it was corrupted. Once born into a status that is in which you stay. The church itself was in had its own hierarchy, believing they had more power than the king. Had the sense of if not christianity, then no other religion. The time of change is really the time of power and deceiving. Roman empire in which covered most of the western Europe.Held in the hands of the great leader Augustus. He had conquer and took over many places of western Europe. Some may say more than he can handle. Augustus had the thought that he and his army was undefeatable. Barians had took control of his land. This angry, uncivilized group of men, conquer his the land. Leaving the Roman empire to crumble into the hands of the â€Å"great leader†. Leaving the people in confused commotion, falling into the period the â€Å"dark ages†. A time of for change, however it was otherwise. The kings and queens to order made a system of order called the feudal system, in which it was an hierarchy.In this hierarchy you can see the pope/church in it’s own box. Showing that theShow MoreRelatedThe Middle Ages A Period Of Three Divisions Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesof three divisions in Western history. The Medieval period being at the center of the three divisions. A period which brought insecurities within the economic, judicial, social, and political spheres. Falling empires such as the Roman Empire increased the urge of society for protection, thus to also formed alliances in order for survival. 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To understand the politics of the past, one must begin to explore and comprehend the epochs of ancient totalitarianism, the medieval feudal System, the limited Monarchy, and the modern day systems of democracies and communist governments. History has witnessed a transformation of the world thought on politicsRead MoreFeudal Europe Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesto modern times. In a lecture for History and Social Change at the University of Abertay Dundee, W Mcneish describes history as being a â€Å"contested terrain with the views of the historian giving their perception of events†. This essay will discuss the key features of the feudal period and the key processes leading to the transition of this society from a sociological perspective covering; the rise of feudalism, the hierarchical structure of feudal Europe, the feudal mode of production, urban life, theRead MoreCharacteristic Features of the Middle Ages Essay750 Words   |  3 Pages Also called the middle ages, the medieval ages were influential in European history. It dates between the 5th and the 15th centuries of european history. The beginning of the period was marked by the collapse of Rome while its end was marked by the end of Renaissance. The Roman Empire’s fall bringing forth an idea of uniting Europe in what was called Christendom, this was based on the beliefs of the church. Features such as migration of people, invasions, population distribution, and deurbanizationRead MoreThe Reign Of The Byzantine Empire1347 Words   |  6 Pagesthan previous Roman emperors because the Byzantine emperors inherited imperial law, which were only provincial forms of Roman law that survived in the west. Also, the emperors were able to transition smoothly into the role of all powerful Christian monarchs. 2) The Byzantine Empire post 600 CE can be categorized as a beleaguered empire because they only had a single ruler who endowed with supreme legal and religious authority was able to prevent the breakup of the Eastern Empire. Also, the lossRead MoreFeudalism1025 Words   |  5 PagesExplain how the system known as â€Å"feudalism† worked in Medieval Europe. The bases of feudalism is best described as a social system in Europe throughout the Middle Ages where individuals worked and battled for upper class who gave them protection and the use of the land in return for their services (Merriam-Webster). â€Å"Feudalism† is not a medieval term and not even a translation of a medieval concept (Abels 2010; Brown 2010; Bouchard 1998). In our day and time Feudalism would be difficult and bafflingRead MoreEssay on Japanese Feudalism604 Words   |  3 PagesContrast Japanese and Western European Feudal Systems Both Western Europe and Japan used the feudal system from the 800s to the 1700s. The two regions show economic similarities, but differ greatly with respect to politics and society. Economically, Western Europe and Japan were similar. Both economies had systems which regulated trade. The Guild Regulations for Sharers of Arras details the rules and regulations of the shearing trade in the Holy Roman Empire in 1236. 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These critical junctures had little parallel in other parts of the world, such as Africa, Asia, or the Americas, though we will also show via the history of Ethiopia that when other places did experience

Gender Roles For Females And Females Essay - 1305 Words

Introduction: In American society, social norms have created distinct gender roles for males and females. These gender roles attribute specific traits and behaviors to each sex that has influenced the way women and men tend to act, think, and behave towards one another. Specifically, these gender roles not only affect helping behavior as the type of help that is given, but also, the help received can depend on the sex of an individual (Eagly and Crawley, 1986). According to stereotype studies done by Bern (1974), Ruble (1983) and Spence and Helmreich (1978) women are seen as more helpful, kind and compassionate compared to men. ((Eagly and Crawley, 1986). Along with these traits comes the belief that women are more sympathetic and empathetic in terms of helping behavior (Eagly and Crawley, 1986). Because of these characteristics, women are expected to provide a nurturing help that mirrors the role of a caretaker as they are expected to provide a deeper emotional and long-term commitment help to th e individual in need. The male gender role describes masculinity as daring, chivalrous and heroic (Eagly and Crawley, 1986). These traits lead to the expectation of a different type of helping behavior from men, one that is not long term but more unexpected and brave, such as, saving a life. Along with heroic helpfulness comes the act of chivalry. As the male gender role portrays men as the stronger sex due to their physical capabilities, there is an expectation that they willShow MoreRelatedFemale And Female Gender Roles3513 Words   |  15 PagesLiterature throughout history has displayed to us the evolution of the male and female gender roles in society. Women have been described as ‘the angel in the house,’ whilst men are typified as dominant and prevailing in comparison to women. 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On the other hand, in Tales of Sensuous Women, readers are shown a complete opposite archetype where women find ways to circumvent the socialRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters1479 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the eras, literature has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic 11 0). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependentRead MoreGender Roles : Undermining The Female Gender1732 Words   |  7 PagesGender Roles: Undermining the Female Gender From birth, everyone was assigned a certain gender and are socialized to conform to certain gender roles based on their biological sex. Gender roles are standards created by society. Masculine roles are usually associated with dominance, strength, and aggression, while feminine roles are associated with nurturing, passivity, and subordination. This is where the term â€Å"gender inequality† becomes a major issue because to society men are supposedly the predominantRead MoreFemale Athletes And Gender Roles1790 Words   |  8 Pagesissues when it comes to gender roles, gender norms, and gender identities. Many men and women in today’s society freely choose the way they want to present themselves to society; which is either masculine or feminine. A lot of these characteristics are accepted, and a lot are not accepted in society today. There are many social stigmas that come along with being a female athlete; meaning there is major social criticism with how they choose to present themselves to society. Gender is a symbol for a strongRead MoreFemale Characters Overthrowing Gender Roles1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of. Kate Chopin, a primarily short story writer, does not fall short of this statement. Through her stories, â€Å"The Storm,† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† the women seem to be trapped in confining gender roles. By the conclusion of each story all the women find a way to challenge their everyday roles and overthrow them in some matter. Although these stories are dissimilar from each other, both show the struggle that women have against one or several antagonists in their lives. Chopin shows hardshipsRead MoreReflective Statement : Female Gender Roles1897 Words   |  8 PagesReflective Statement: Misogyny in Columbium Society The presentation by Patrick who investigated female gender roles and Jai kai who explored male gender roles was intensely intriguing as it outlined the sexual discrimination present in Colombian society. The presentations educated me on the discriminatory oppression women encountered in this society, while they treated men more leniently. 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This procedure is used in an attempt to â€Å"resolve† some of the ambiguity and reconstruct the genitalia to more closely resemble the common features associated with male and female sexuality. After the surgery, the intersex individuals are raised in a manner consistent with the gender roles associated with their genitals. HoweverRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters In Disneys Frozen807 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the post-2000s to today, gender roles still remain as one of the big topics. Compared to society’s ideologies of women in 1930s, women are shown to be intelligent, active, and most importantly, independent. The portrayal of female characters with such characteristics is apparent in Disney’s contemporary film, Frozen (2013). The film portrays two female protagonists, Princess Anna and Queen Elsa. The theme of the film is family; the film starts out with childish, sisterly relationships, which

The Holocaust and Book Title Night Free Essays

Night â€Å"Today everything is possible, even the crematoria. (Night, Wiesel 59) This compound hyperbole describes Elie Wiesel memoir of all the treacherous events that took place during the holocaust. Elie witnessed the whole experience first-hand. We will write a custom essay sample on The Holocaust and Book Title Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now Weisel titled the book Night, evoking both literal and symbolic description of his dark ordeal as a holocaust victim and survivor. â€Å"That’s it, God is no longer with us. † (Wiesel 42) In this excerpt Elie Wiesel used syntax to figuratively exaggerate the despair the Jews faced. Although all Jews felt that God was either no longer there or simply did not exist, this quote was used as a hyperbole to make a seemingly inferior race feel the heat of a religious upheaval. â€Å"Never shall I forget that first night in camp, which has turned my night into one long night seven times sealed. † (Wiesel 32) By using hyperbole, this excerpt lets Wiesel express this symbolic complex sentence to exaggerate the agonizing feeling of the holocaust being one long and dark quandary. â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my god and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. (Wiesel 32) By giving the personification that his dreams were turned to dust helps us as readers understand the full extent of the gruesome nature that had changed the lives of millions forever. This book is a perfect example of Man’s inhumanity to man. Babies were shot and burned right in front of Elie. This could be like someone kicking a puppy in front of you and knowing you can’t do anything to stop it. The book title Night helps us as readers understand the dark, outstretched gloomy nature of the holocaust, and the symbolic side of the emotion being felt during war. The holocaust was full of remorseful and dark memories like the night sky is black. Elie’s book titled Night truly shows how terrifying this war was. â€Å"Over there, that’s where you’re going to be taken. That’s you’re grave. Over there. † (Wiesel 38) This literal compound sentence was an excerpt from the book. Its literal effect on readers helped us understand that the thought of death could not be escaped. There was no place the Jews could go, and nothing Jews could do to escape the horrific thought of a horrifying death. Whether this be starvation, a bullet to the chest, or the rematorium, the thought of death haunted them all. What was described as one of the scariest things happening during this time were men turning on family members. Between killing for a piece of bread and abandoning parents or children for being weak, the holocaust had men acting not as men, but as wild animals. Also on the literal side the excerpt â€Å"Never sha ll I forget that smoke. † (Wiesel, 32) The smoke that represented where he could have died, and the smoke that turned innocent infant children into nothing more than a diminishing pile of ash. During the holocaust men were not treated as such. To the eyes of German SS soldiers Jews were merely dirt. Wiesel’s symbolic side of the book was shown through personification, hyperbole, syntax and a variety of various sentence structures such as using ways to describe how dark and gloomy his â€Å"long nights† stay at camp was. The title also brought out the more literal side like the smoke he swore never to forget. The symbolic and literal nature of the title Night was a description like no other of Elie Wiesel’s journey through hell. How to cite The Holocaust and Book Title Night, Papers

Ielts Writing free essay sample

IELTS writing the editing process [pic] Sunday, June 14, 2009 Posted by Dominic Cole [pic][pic][pic] Writing for IELTS is quite different from academic writing for at least one very good reason: timing. In IELTS you only have 60 minutes to produce two pieces of writing, there are no second chances and it isnt practical to draft and redraft. However, in IELTS you still need to find time to check your writing and edit it for mistakes. Here are some very practical suggestions on how to go about this process. When to check The first step is to decide when to check. You may think the obvious time is after you have finished writing, but there are other options. None is necessarily correct: as ever I suggest you need to try each approach and see which works for you as an individual. 1. Check at the end The conventional advice is to leave 3-5 minutes at the end to review your writing. The reason to do it this way is that you can see read the whole essay and check it for coherence as well as grammatical problems. One problem with this approach is that sometimes you run out of time and do not check. Another problem is that it is more difficult to find mistakes when you check a longer piece of writing. If you are a higher level candidate and you have few problems with grammar, this is possibly the approach for you. [pic] 2. Check as you write An alternative option is to check as you write: either at the end of each sentence or paragraph. This idea may surprise you, but there is a very significant benefit to this approach: you are much more likely to find grammatical errors if you look at a sentence of 15 words than an essay of 250 words. If you know that you have consistent problems with grammar, you should certainly consider this approach. It really is much easier to find mistakes this way. 3. Check as you write and at the end This is probably the ideal choice as it allows you to find grammatical errors as you write and problems with coherence after you have written. The one difficulty is that it probably takes more time. How to check Here I have two very positive suggestion to make: 1. Check with a pen in hand so that you make sure you look at every word. Its very easy to see what you think you have written and not what you actually wrote. Reading with a pen is a good way of slowing yourself down and makeing sure you read every word. 2. Read in complete sentences and not word by word. Very often mistakes happen because all the parts of the sentence are correct, but those parts of a sentence do not fit together. What to check for This is the big one. There are a number of different items you can check for and what follows is a longish list and I suggest that in an exam it may not practical to check for all of them. You need to make your own personal checklist before the exam: to do this you need the assistance of a teacher to advise you of your mistakes. See this exam tip for more detail. Grammar The main point to note here is that not all mistakes are equal. You will be penalised more heavily for basic mistakes than more complex ones, therefore you should check your basic grammar most carefully. 1. Verb tenses: make sure they are consistent and in task 1 that your tenses match the time frame in the graph 2. Articles: this is something for everyone to check for. Articles are the most common words in English and often go wrong. To get band 7 or over most of your sentences need to be correct: this means your articles need to be correct. See my post on articles. 3. Subject-verb agreement: this means he does not he do. Even to quite a high level this is a relatively common mistake. The problem being that it is also a basic mistake that examiners will penalise more heavily 4. Parts of speech: this is another relatively low level mistake that is also quite common particularly with Asian language speakers. Check that you use nouns, verbs and adjectives when you need. This is particularly an issue in task 1 when using trend language (a sharp rise, but to rise sharply). 5. Range of sentence structures: this one may surprise you, but it is important if you want band 6 or above to vary your sentence structures. It is not enough always to use simple but correct language. Vocabulary I suspect that this is something that few candidates bother to check. A mistake. Vocabulary is as important as grammar and in a way it is easier to correct. 1. Repetition: under exam conditions looking for repetition is perhaps the area where a candidate can most improve their writing. It is relatively easy for a candidate to see that they have repeated words and to correct this mistake. 2. Repetition (2): check that you have not repeated whole phrases and sentences from the question 3. Spelling: check that you get at least the basic words right Coherence Again, this is another area that sometimes does not get checked. You do need to think about this as it accounts for a large part of your mark. 1. Topic sentences: each paragraph starts with a topic sentence that clearly relates to the question 2. Paragraph development: each paragraph is developed with explanations and examples of the topic sentence. In task 1 this includes having enough detailed information and facts. 3. Connecting words:make sure that the connecting words you use are accurate. A frequent mistake is to overuse connecting words. Answering the question If you dont answer the question, the examiner is likely to penalise you very heavily. Really speaking, it is too late to check this at the end, this is something more for the planning stage. 1. Introduction: check that your introduction addresses all parts of the question 2. Conclusion: check that your conclusion gives an answer to the question What not to do Whatever you do, dont count the words. That is a complete waste of exam time. If you are worried, count how many words you write in one line and then count how many lines your writing is. (Words like a and an still count as words).

Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Example Essay Example

Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Example Paper Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Introduction The constitution of public policy requires strong protagonism administrations as they are boosters and Godheads of policy thoughts, suppliers of indispensable resources ( expertness, financess and information ) and makers of public sentiment needed to accomplish effectual policies. There is an ample diverseness within the population of protagonism group, some are good set up advocators with memorable histories of policy work while others are freshly emerged administrations recommending for a cause. Working on a assortment of subjects, â€Å" they operate at all degrees in the policy sphere. They have many organisational signifiers, support beginnings, and protections. Their activities cover a broad scope of tactics that include lobbying, forming, research, run finance, and so forth † ( McNutt, 2010 ) . Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Body Paragraphs Nowadays it ‘s non an easy undertaking to measure who and how many administrations engage in protagonism activities. Measuring lobbying outgo is non plenty as lobbying is merely one among assorted activities included in protagonism pattern. Advocacy includes a huge scope of undertakings such as researching, letter-writing, analysing, educating, skill-building, constructing relationships, mobilizing, forming, protesting, petitioning, facilitating, rousing power, convention, etc ( Avner, 2004 ) . There are plentifulness of chances for administrations to progress a policy and societal alteration without even prosecuting in lobbying. Advocacy is an indispensable activity for non-profit-making administrations in United Kingdom. In its assorted signifiers, whether implies buttonholing or instruction and agenda-setting, protagonism plays an of import function in the non-profit-making sector. Therefore understanding what non-profit-making protagonism is, how and to what extent protagon ism is practiced and what are the nucleus organizational features with an impact on protagonism engagement is of a important affair. Most non-profit-making protagonism is carried by administrations with a nucleus mission of protagonism but direct service administrations gained recently a significant function in the protagonism sphere. An of import issue is that this type of administrations face particular challenges when practising advocacy non as a primarly but as a secondary organisational map to back up the nucleus mission of direct service. ( Kimberlin, 2010 ) Assorted philosophical and practical barriers are faced by direct services non-profit-making administrations when they try to implement effectual protagonism activities. The chief philosophical barrier is related to the unwilligness to to the full authorise components as advocators expressed by some service oriented not-for-profits. In this instance components are regarded more as service receivers instead so active organi sation representatives. Althought there is a clear tendency in public policy doing to back up the demand for non-profit-making direct service administrations to â€Å" leverage the cognition and expertness of their components and staff to recommend for societal justness † ( Donaldson, 2008 ) . Practical barriers can be deficiency of support, fright of requital from nucleus organisational funders or limited protagonism accomplishments among staff. Literature reappraisal We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Nonprofit Advocacy Organisations In Uk Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are many ways to specify non-profit-making protagonism. Even if many non-profit-making administrations advocate on behalf of single clients, more frequently non-profit-making protagonism refers to collective protagonism. A frequent definition of non-profit-making protagonism is produced by Jenkins who describe protagonism as â€Å" any effort tp influence the determinations of an institutional elite on behalf of a corporate involvement. † ( Jenkins, 1987:297 ) . Scholars have advanced definitions that emphasize the struggle inherent in protagonism, for them â€Å" advocacy organisations do public involvement claims either advancing or defying societal alteration that, if implemented, would conflict with the societal, cultural, political, or economic involvements or values of other constituencies and groups. † ( Andrews and Edwards, 2004:481 ) Assorted researchings differentiate between self involvement organisational protagonism and progressive protagonism. If sel f involvement protagonism is designed to protect administration support contracts, â€Å" progressive protagonism pattern refers to advocacy that ( 1 ) seeks to reference underlying structural and power unfairnesss as distinct from protagonism motivated by organisational involvement, and ( 2 ) applies strategies that meaningfully prosecute clients or components in all facets of the protagonism procedure. † ( Donaldson, 2008:26 ) In this instance protagonism ‘s primarly intent is to progress the involvements of components, instead so self involvements. Furthermore components are engaged in the protagonism sphere. Another position in specifying non-profit-making protagonism is the scope of administrations categorized as not-for-profit. In a research about protagonism administrations engaged in the political procedure, Andrews and Edwards ( 2004 ) include involvement groups, societal motion administrations and direct service not-for-profit bureaus. Some protagonism researc h workers ( Reid, 2006 ) analyzed administrations for whom protagonism is a nucleus mission. Others ( Donaldson, 2008 ) have explored direct service administrations that consider protagonism as a secondary organizational activity. Few researches focus on protagonism across both types of non-profit-making administrations ( Salmon, 2002 ) . Research purpose The intent of this thesis is to analyze the patterns of service orientated non-profit-making administrations in the specific field of human rights ( LGBT sector ) . The purpose of this survey is to place organisational features associated with engagement in protagonism, practical schemes and best patterns for easing protagonism attempts in organisations that conduct protagonism as a secondary instead than core organisational activity in the human rights field ( LGBT sector ) . Footings of mention To what extent non-profit-making organisations triping in human rights field ( LGBT sector ) participate in the protagonism sphere? There is any relationship between reception of authorities support and engagement in protagonism? Can assorted non-profit-making features, like organisational size and adulthood, have an influence on protagonism apetite? Can serve oriented non-profit-making administrations employ the same schemes used by nucleus protagonism not-for-profits? What are the restrictions? What are the most effectual patterns and schemes for non-profit-making administrations triping in human rights field ( LGBT sector ) to accomplish protagonism ends? Another unsolved inquiry in the literature that examines not-for-profit protagonism is the extent to which bureau protagonism behaviour is motivated by self or agency-interest, for illustration, to protect support beginnings, or make bureaus have a broader intent to their protagonism agenda that includes turn toing structural and power unfairnesss. the reply to these inquiries might act upon the schemes and tactics bureaus use in their protagonism pattern, that is, whether or non the bureau engages in progressive protagonism, or protagonism that is largely expert-driven and motivated chiefly by agency-interest. Advocacy is stating or showing something you know to person you know in order to better the quality of life for others ( Mitchell and Philibert 2002 ; Zeitler 2007 ) In order to be most effectual, protagonism attempts require a echt desire for alteration and efi ¬?cient communicating. Advocacy besides involves constructing relationships with fellow advocators, every bit good as elected ofi ¬?cials at the local, province, and national degrees ( LaRocco and Bruns 2005 ; Zeitler 2007 ) . Andrews, K. A ; Edwards, B. ( 2004 ) . Advocacy organisations in the U.S. political procedure. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 479-506. hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer? v10HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? v10 A ; h113 A ; se8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 sessionmgr112 † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? v10 A ; h113 A ; se8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 sessionmgr112 † h113HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? v10 A ; h113 A ; se8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 sessionmgr112 † amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? v10 A ; h113 A ; se8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 sessionmgr112 † se8d04f04-1eaf-4dc2-808a-2754c2071dd5 % 40sessionmgr112 Avner, M. ( 2004 ) . The lobbying and protagonism enchiridion for non-profit-making organisations: Determining public policy at the province and local degree. St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation. Donaldson, L. ( 2008 ) . Developing a progressive protagonism plan within a human services bureau. Administration in Social Work, 32 ( 2 ) , 25-47. Jenkins, J. C. ( 1987 ) . Nonprofit organisations and policy protagonism. In W. Powell ( Ed. ) , The non-profit-making sector: A research enchiridion ( pp. 296-320 ) . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Kimberlin, Sara E. ( 2010 ) ‘Advocacy by Nonprofit organizations: Functions and Practices of Core Advocacy Organizations and Direct Service Agencies ‘ , Journal of Policy Practice, 9: 3, 164 – 182 hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2010.487249 LaRocco, D. J. , A ; Bruns, D. A. ( 2005 ) . Advocacy is merely a phone call off: Schemes to do a difference on behalf of kids and their households. Young Exceptional Children, 8 ( 4 ) , 11-18. McNutt, John G. ( 2010 ) ‘Researching Advocacy Groups: Internet Sources for Research about Public Interest Groups and Social Movement Organizations ‘ , Journal of Policy Practice, 9: 3, 308 – 312 hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2010.487247 Mitchell, L. M. , A ; Philibert, D. B. ( 2002 ) . Family, professional, and political protagonism: Rights and duties. Young Exceptional Children, 5 ( 4 ) , 11-18. Reid, E. ( 2006 ) . Nonprofit protagonism and political engagement. In E. T. Boris A ; C. E. Steuerle ( Eds. ) , Nonprofits and authorities: Collaboration and struggle ( pp.343-371 ) . Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.campuskitchens.org/kellogg/images/ves/nonprofit_advocacy_and_participation.pdf Salamon, L. ( 2002 ) . Explaining non-profit-making protagonism: An explorative analysis. Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Policy Studies, Center for Civil Society Studies Working Paper No. 21. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cedag-eu.org/uploads/File/workingpaper21. pdf

Free Essays on The Beast In The Cage Essay

The Beast In The Cage Essay The â€Å"Beast In The Cage,† picture generally shows a big monster inside a big cage and warrior like people standing around the cage with weapons in their arms. The monster represents the Liberalist and they in favor of their new ideas but the conservatives, the people standing outside the cage represent Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France. They don’t want the liberals to start to spread ideas; they trap the monster inside the cage to prevent the liberalist to start spreading their ideas to everyone. The monster is in the cage in the first place because people were tired of being pushed around and tired of paying taxes when the upper class and the king didn’t have to, also they hated to be looked down upon. So all of this led them to rebel. Everything started in the middle class because they were the most educated and knew what was going on more clearly. The Congress Of Vienna is when the conservatives first started to meet after the French Revolution. They wanted to talk about how to rebuild France and return things as it was before the revolution. About the picture the monster in the cage represents liberalism, hence the â€Å"L† on its hat and stomach. The liberals wanted the government to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers. They wanted to defend the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property. The beast is bending the bars because the third estate has 97% of the population and the more support they got and the more people who joined, they got stronger and powerful the liberals got, the conservatives couldn’t hold them back anymore, so the liberals just started to bust through. The liberal kept on gaining more power and the conservatives were getting more and more worried. Each of the four people standing in front of the cage represents Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France. Those countries are the most powerful counties in Europe and they are trying... Free Essays on The Beast In The Cage Essay Free Essays on The Beast In The Cage Essay The Beast In The Cage Essay The â€Å"Beast In The Cage,† picture generally shows a big monster inside a big cage and warrior like people standing around the cage with weapons in their arms. The monster represents the Liberalist and they in favor of their new ideas but the conservatives, the people standing outside the cage represent Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France. They don’t want the liberals to start to spread ideas; they trap the monster inside the cage to prevent the liberalist to start spreading their ideas to everyone. The monster is in the cage in the first place because people were tired of being pushed around and tired of paying taxes when the upper class and the king didn’t have to, also they hated to be looked down upon. So all of this led them to rebel. Everything started in the middle class because they were the most educated and knew what was going on more clearly. The Congress Of Vienna is when the conservatives first started to meet after the French Revolution. They wanted to talk about how to rebuild France and return things as it was before the revolution. About the picture the monster in the cage represents liberalism, hence the â€Å"L† on its hat and stomach. The liberals wanted the government to be based on written constitutions and separation of powers. They wanted to defend the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, and property. The beast is bending the bars because the third estate has 97% of the population and the more support they got and the more people who joined, they got stronger and powerful the liberals got, the conservatives couldn’t hold them back anymore, so the liberals just started to bust through. The liberal kept on gaining more power and the conservatives were getting more and more worried. Each of the four people standing in front of the cage represents Austria, Russia, Prussia, and France. Those countries are the most powerful counties in Europe and they are trying...

Key Characteristics of Natural Knibbles Orientation Program Essay - 1

Key Characteristics of Natural Knibbles Orientation Program - Essay Example The researcher states that since the organization was trying to expand its markets by penetrating into new markets and improving on its profit margins, this required modifying its human resource strategies as well. The main focus was given on improving on employee productivity and performance by making them more efficient. Thus the orientation program was also found to be characterized by changes in the existing equipment and systems and changes in the production processes. The orientation program also demonstrates a training centric approach taken by the management to help employees adapt to the new work structures, equipment, work procedures, and processes. The objective was to equip employees with optimum resources and technologies so that they could use them efficiently and yield the result that was desired in the organization. This is because the new strategic direction that Natural Knibbles had undertaken required the organization’s workforce to attain a greater and a hi gher performance level, Thus it is seen that all key activities of the company were aimed towards aligning organizational functioning with its long-term objectives. Since both Kane and Liza were new in the organization, they were required to be made aware of the organizational goals and objectives clearly before they were introduced to the work procedures. More importantly, they needed to be acclimatized with the work culture existing within the organization and adapt themselves to the same. In other words, they required proper induction training in which they would be informed about the employer’s business, the various terms and conditions of their services and clear idea about the duties and responsibilities that they would have to deliver. Since Kane was without any tertiary qualification, on the job training would be the optimum best option for him. However, this would have to be an experienced instructor who would be only involved with every small detail and requirements in the process. The buddy system does not appear to be optimum because although he would have the requisite knowledge and experience about the job, he would also have his own set of regular responsibilities.

Effects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition Paper Research - 1

Effects of Quality Management on Domestic and Global Competition - Research Paper Example Japan is the home of most of the world’s best motor producing companies like Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, and Mitsubishi among others. General Motors Corporations is the world’s largest automaker whose headquarters are in the United States, but has branches in about one hundred and fifty seven countries across the globe. The ownership of the general motors is majorly by the United States government, which owns about sixty-one percent of the total shares. Others entities that have ownership of the general motors are the united Autoworkers, the Canadian government, and bond holders from the old company. General motors once experienced financial crisis in the late 2000s such that it threatened closure of most of its branches in North America (Kennedy, 2005). The American government however came in and funded the corporation. On the other hand, Naza is a Malaysian based industry whose main objective during formation was marketing and distribution of motor vehicles. It was not un til 2003 when the firm started production of bikes then motor vehicles in the year 2005. The company founded by a mogul Tan Sri SM Nasimuddin of Malaysia in 1975 was intended to import reconditioned cars. The company established itself and became an importer of luxury vehicles. The business expanded and in the late nineties, it franchised with South Korean carmaker thus expanded its portfolio of distribution. General motors is credited as the world’s number one automaker, and absorbs as many as hundreds of thousands of people across the world. Naza has absorbed hundreds of people, but the expectations are that it will recruit more members in the near future. The indulgence of the company into the manufacturing sector and mergence with other firms has seen its growth to a recognizable status. General motors has been generating a profit of about 4.7 million US dollars excluding the pensions cost and other expenses. In ranking as per income generation, the general motors took th e second position in the United States after Toyota (Cooney & Yacobucci, 2007). General motors have expanded globally and has gained worldwide recognition. It has main branches in North America, Asia, and Africa. For instance in Africa, General motors ventured back in 1920s but it grew and started assembling vehicles in1950. On arrival in Africa, the first situation of general motors was Egypt, which up to date is the only producer if traditional general motors branded vehicles (Kennedy, 2005). Apart from this, the industry has other branches in Tunisia, which assembles mainly Mazda and Isuzu models. In Kenya GM is situated in Nairobi and it assembles a wide variety of trucks and buses. General motors have its stations in other East African countries like Uganda, Tanzania, and central Africa. Naza on the other hand has its demand locally based though it has entered into contract with worlds distributors that make Naza the hub of their products specifically in Malaysia. In 2010, Gene ral Motors Corporation assigned Naza as the sole distributor of Chevrolet model in Malaysia. Naza also entered into contract with Piaggio group to distribute its main brands in Malaysia. According to Cooney & Yacobucci (2007), the products of general motors have repeatedly participated in the worlds racing championship winning many races. The recent invention from general motors, Cadillac V-series has also ventured in the racing championship. General motors did many research programmes for the market demands. This led to its mergence with various companies to

Macro8C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macro8C - Essay Example In order to close this gap, the governments needs to take some expansionary fiscal policy i.e. increase government spending and/or reduce taxes. If only government spending is to be considered, At the end of your presentation, the president decides that any change in government expenditures would be politically unpopular at the moment, so she asks you how she might solve the same problem with a tax change instead. What change in taxation will you recommend? Be specific and show all of your work. Since there is a recessionary gap, the government would need to reduce the taxes. An increase in tax would mean lesser income available to spend. As the goal is to increase aggregate demand, taxes would need to be reduced. Cutting taxes will increase disposable income, which will stimulate consumption with multiplier effects & expanding output and employment. This implies that taxes need to be reduced by an amount of $ 500 in order to close the recessionary gap. So, it takes a larger deficit to get the same stimulus with a tax cut than it would with increased government spending. Suppose that a balanced budget amendment forces the president to match each dollar increase in government spending with an equal offsetting dollar increase in taxation, and each dollar decrease in federal spending with an equal decrease in taxes. Would fiscal policy be weakened, or even rendered useless, by such a law? Why or why not? The fiscal policy is not rendered useless as there is still change in GDP. If we look at the overall effect, the balanced budget multiplier allows us to close the gap without an increased deficit or decreased surplus. If, however, the recessionary gap to be closed is large, it would imply that the government needs to increase spending by a large amount, and also increase taxes by an equally large amount. This may not be very popular with the people and the government may be reluctant to enforce such a measure due to political

Different types of tourism destinations

Different types of tourism destinations Introduction This report is going to look at the key appeal factors of France, USA, Spain and China. It will identify different types of tourism destinations and look at arrivals statistics to these countries. According to UNWTO (2008) in the Worlds Top Tourism Destinations 2008 first four places by international tourism arrivals were occupied by France, Spain, USA and China. First of all this report will identify the meaning of travel destination and tourist destination. A travel destination is the end point of the journey (Marvell and Hayward 2005). People travel to a destination for a variety of reasons, including holidays, business and visiting friends and relatives. A tourist destination combines travel with facilities and attractions that appeal to tourists (Marvell and Hayward 2005). There are many different types of tourist destinations; however this report will discuss coastal, urban and rural tourism and give examples of places that appeal to the destination. Main part Coastal tourism Coastal destination usually associated with the image of seaside resort. Holloway (2006) pointed that it is the most popular appeal of a destination. The attractiveness of the seaside resort is the combination of sun, sea and sand. Page et al. (2001) stated that it remains one of the most significant types of holiday in the world. The Spanish Costas are found along the southern coastline, on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. Spain has many resort areas: Costa Blanca, Costa Almeria and Costa del Sol. While some of the Costa names may not be familiar, the resort of Benidorm is well known. Benidorm is the most popular resort in the Costa Blanca. According to Dale et al. (2006) resort attracts approximately five million visitors each year. Tourists are attracted by its wide sandy beaches and warm climate with average summer temperature around 30oC. The beaches are gently sloping and the water is warm and clear, making the sea safe for adults and children. Behind the sandy beaches are many high-rise hotels with plenty of nightclubs, bars, restaurants and casinos. There are places in France which are as popular as Spanish Costas. One of the famous seaside areas in France is the place called Cote dAzur which is famous for its resort Nice. It is a capital of French Riviera situated on the Mediterranean coast. According to Williams and Le Nevez (2007) Nice is well-known holiday destination on the Cote dAzur. Williams and Le Nevez (2007) in addition pointed that resort attracts visitors to take a delight in its beautiful beaches and warm climate. Tourists enjoy dining at the restaurants located along the French seaside. Appetizing seafood and delicious wines can be enjoyed at many seaside restaurants in this Mediterranean city. Nice has something for everyone: a medieval old town and other grand architectural monuments; a wide selection of museums; lots of bars and restaurants of all standard and type; the fine Mediterranean climate; and of course easy access to beaches. Besides, America is very famous for its beaches too. According to Fry (2008) places like Florida or California, or even further to Mexico, the Bahamas and the Caribbean are popular tourists destinations. According to Fry (2008) Florida is well-known for its famous Florida Keys and the resort of Key Largo. The Keys are long, low islands at the south of Florida. This place has many beaches and blue waters that are popular with divers. The Keys are also famous for swim with dolphins. Urban tourism Urban tourism is another type of tourist destination. Holloway (2006) stated that towns and cities attract many tourists by growing interest in cultural activities for example visits to museums and art galleries, leisure activities like shopping, and entertainment to sports. There are many different towns in France, Spain, USA and China which are famous for its rich culture and heritage, delicious food and designer shops. Holloway (2006) says that Paris in France, Madrid and Barcelona in Spain are popular destinations where tourists arrive for city holidays. They combine all the factors for a good stay: high quality hotels and restaurants, fine museums, outstanding architecture, festivals and many beautiful eye-catching shops. According to UNWTO (2008) Spain ranked on the third place in terms of arrivals-57, 3% in 2008, with France continued to lead the ranking of the worlds major tourism destinations in terms of arrivals-79, 3% in 2008. The French capital Paris has a reputation as a very charming and romantic city with popular attractions, including the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre museum, Notre-Dame and Arc de Triomphe. According to Law (1996) there are approximately 800 festivals held annually in France. The theme varies, but amongst well-known is festival related to the cinema-Cannes. Law (1996) stated that attractiveness of the Paris is incomparable and millions of tourists come here to admire the elegant beauty of the city, enjoy its rich cuisine and certainly exclusive shopping. Law (1996) also says that Barcelona is a very amazing town too, known for its rich culture, architecture and unforgettable beauty. On city break in Barcelona tourists will enjoy museums, statues on the streets, delicious Spanish food and famous boutiques. According to Holloway (2006) cities like New York in USA and Shanghai in China are popular tourist destinations for shopping. By UNWTO (2008) the USA is ranked second in arrivals-58, 0% in 2008 and China held onto their 2007 position in terms of arrivals and ranking fourth-53, 0% in 2008. As an example, according to Zhang et al. (2005) China is the worlds factory where can be found just about anything. Chinas biggest city is Shanghai. Zhang et al. (2005) says that it has a status of cosmopolitan centre of design. Shanghai is a fantastic shopping destination. Shopping here is simple and suitable for all type of tourists. Shanghai has a range of shops from roadside and boutique shops to the busy shopping centres where different types of goods and clothes can be bought. And finally, New York undoubtedly has a lot to offer to its visitors. New York has many attractions, including the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, museums and Central Park. And also its well-known for shopping. The Fifth Avenue offers a range of fashionable shops. Broadway offers entertainment in the evening and the range of nightlife. Rural tourism And the final type of tourist destination is countryside. The combination of lakes and mountains attract different markets. Leisure visitors enjoy the scenery, while more active tourist enjoys climbing in summer, and do winter sports at other times. According to Andalucà ­a website (2009) Spanish countryside will give a chance to enjoy the peaceful and calming environment of old-fashioned villages. There is a large variety of accommodations like cottages, farmhouses and mansions. It will offer to visitors a variety of activities like, walking and trekking, horse riding, cycling and mountain bicycling, bird watching and camping. Andalucà ­a for example is the best place for camping, mountain bicycling and horse riding. It offers almost a year-round sunshine and wide natural environment. French Alps on the other side are very popular to active-minded tourists like skiers and snowboarders. According to Collins (2004) the Alps has more than 200 resorts and one of the famous is Chamonix. Chamonix is an alpine town which a best place for ski lovers. Collins (2004) says that sky-scraping mountains, majestic ice falls and glaciers will make everyones journey memorable.

Listening is a Form of Love Essay -- Personal Narrative

Listening is a Form of Love Listening can be defined as the act of hearing attentively. Love can be defined as a strong redilection or enthusiasm. Listening is indeed a form of love. In my opinion, when you listen to someone or something, that means you are interested in what is being said. I also think listening is a form of caring and of respect. You may care about the person you are listening to or what you are listening to. Listening to a family member can be a form of love. For example, my great-grandfather, Nathaniel Hudson, 92, feels very lonely now because he lives in a nursing home and his family only comes to see him once or twice weekly. He does not really have anyone to talk to. When he comes to my house on the weekends, he is very talkative, telling me everything about his childhood. Most of the time he is boring and he repeats himself often, but I know it is because of his age. It is difficult for him to hear me when I respond to him. However, just by me taking a few minutes to listen to his stories makes him feel good because he had someone to talk to. I made hi...

Indian Burying Grond Essay

The Indian Burying Ground In Freneau’s poem The Indian Burying Ground, the reader is presented with the two different views on life after death. One of the perspectives is from the Christian religion. The other is from the perspective of an Indian religion. The Christian religion thinks that just because you are buried lying down that you will be in an eternal sleep. The Indian religion is just the opposite of this. The religion believes that when you die your soul still lives on and you are reunited with all things that have passed on before you. Through many poetic devices, Freneau contrasts the Indian religion view of life after death and his own. The Indian religion, mentioned in the poem The Indian Burying Ground, and the Christian religion are very different in the belief of an afterlife. The following is from the perspective of Freneau. The lines in the first stanza â€Å"The posture that we give the dead, points out the soul’s eternal sleep.† tells that the lying down posture that Christians are buried in suggests that they will be in an eternal sleep. The Indian religion in the poem says that your soul lives on forever after you die. The second stanza talks about when a person dies he is once again seated with his friends and joins them in a feast. The following quotes from the third stanza â€Å"nature of the soul† and â€Å"knows no rest† suggests that when a person dies the soul of that person doesn’t die with him, but just moves on to another form. In the fourth stanza the quotes â€Å"life is spent† and â€Å"not the old ideas gone† suggests that after you have died your ideas and you as a person are not forgotten but remembered forever. There is a place where all the souls gather and sit. In the fifth stanza there is talk of a stranger observing the place where all the souls have come to sit. This person is obviously influenced by the Christian view of life after death. The person is shown that the souls are not all lying down like he has though but all are in the sitting position. An Indian is showing this person around the place where all the souls have gathered, showing him that people live on after life. One of the things the person is showed is a  tree with kids playing in it’s shade. Another thing he is shown is an ancient Indian queen. There are many other things that man sees to make him believe that what he is seeing is real. People in the world are too closed minded and only put things into reason. It is hard for people to actually believe in what the Indian religion says about life after death because it is too complicated for them to believe in such a thing. When a person is showed to the actual gathering of souls and participating in a feast it is hard for him to deny what is actually happening. A person has no choice but to believe in what is actually occurring. Although the Christian view of an after life differs from the Indian view, the many poetic devices in the poem helps the readers understand the two different perspectives even if they are not normal.

Code-Switching and linking the margins

Imagine for a second that all the Anglo-Saxon world’s literary characters were lined up one by one chronologically. We start off with Chaucer’s characters and move our way up to Wilde’s dandies, and then up to Marlow who is framed in the background by a few tribesmen in the Congo, and then suddenly we have Mr. Biswas.For the most part Colonialist literature has contained Caucasian characters as their center with the inclusion of some distant races as support.The subjects of colonialism were barred entry to the privileged world of Colonial literature by their inability to conform to Colonialist’s cultural practices; their expression of culture both in language and custom did not meet with the stringent and racist codes required for literature. V.S. Naipaul, who was originally consigned to the category of â€Å"commonwealth writer,† by the British press, has managed to place the subjects of Anglo-Saxon’s colonialism, into the same canon with th eir oppressors. Marlow, muddling his way up the river, now sits adjacent to Mr. Biswas who curses in his Creole English struggling to pay off debt.Unlike Mr. Biswas, Naipaul’s own writing is often steeped in the vernacular of his Oxford education, but he faithfully records the breaches with colonial grammatical rules through extensive code-switching making low-caste Indian Christian converts into literary forms as accessible as the characters found in other canonical Western literary texts.Naipaul’s use of â€Å"variable orthography to make dialect more accessible,†(Empire 41) in code-switching takes people marginalized by colonialism’s hegemonic processes and renders them in the center as literary subjects. This process frees the voices of Naipaul’s novel which have been silenced by colonial insistence on proper grammar in communication and the reality of their remoteness geographically. For instance, The novel’s protagonist, Mr. Biswas, co mmunicates in an English that often enunciates verbs as the beginnings of sentences such as when he says, â€Å"†Feel how the car sitting nice on the road?Feel it, Anand? Savi?† (Naipaul 278) or â€Å"Is the sort of place you could build up.† (Naipaul 138). Not exactly the language of Shakespeare, but Mr. Biswas is a literary character enfolded in Naipaul’s own inventive and colonialist language. By draping Biswas in grammatically perfect sentences, Naipaul has managed to break class bearers refuting the position of colonialist characters as seconds as they are in Conrad, but still maintaining a narrative voice that bridges the gap between subject and ruler.Mr. Biswas doesn’t speak in the language of fine literature, but his speaking, â€Å"refutes the privileged position of a standard code in the language.†(Empire 40). Biswas is expressing himself in a Creole that prefers the verbal placements of Bengali, he is refusing to adopt the thought processes included in proper English grammar.Naipaul’s use of code-switching allows Mr. Biswas’ expressions to be placed in canonical literature and by extensions it sheds light on cultural otherness, Mr. Biswas does not think in the proper forms of colonial English, he still spews out thoughts like a proper Brahmin only using English as his form.Biswas’ sayings reveal a cultural otherness that English can’t express, thinking in terms of verbs first or his constant negation of articles such as â€Å"a† and â€Å"the,† are all indicators of the culture that lies beneath his speech, but which English cannot bring to light.

Imperialism and the US in 1900 essays

Imperialism and the US in 1900 essays Imperialism is the pursuit of colonial empires. Many countries took part in this, but none quite like the United States. The motivation that the United States had to get involved in such an enormous task was first shown in Samoa in 1889. After that important part of United States history, there were many more events that occurred in the eyes of United States imperialism. There were many positive aspects concerning Americas intervening with other countries affairs. These proved to shape the society of not only the U.S., but as well as the other countries which were involved. The reasoning behind the United States involvement was somewhat simple. Just as other countries, such as Great Britain, that were taking part in imperialism, the U.S. acted because of economic power as well as the reputation that they held among other countries. It seemed obvious that it was easier for an industrial worker to be aided by a machine. The number of products was significantly greater than before. In the mean time, while looking for new suppliers as well as new consumers (other countries), the U.S worried that there would be competition. America, just as many other industrialized nations, set out on a mission to colonize with the hopes of dominating the industrial world. Some felt that the U.S. needed to spread the Christian community and political system to other parts of the world. Although, others, such as Alfred Thayer Mahan, thought that the regions conquered overseas would make America more powerful and give them more steamship fueling stations and naval bases. This reason, rather than cultural aspects, led to the face-off between America, Great Britain, and Germany in Samoa in 1889. The U.S. gained control over Eastern Samoa, while Germany had conquered Western Samoa. The United States, throughout the next 18 years, would embark on many journeys to gain power and wealth, first in Cuba. Here, the U.S. saw...

Wal-Mart Consumer Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wal-Mart Consumer Analysis - Research Paper Example The history of Wal-Mart began a little after 1972 as a rural shopping store chain in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri (Lecavalier). The Wal-Mart company has four major divisions at the retail level: Wal-Mart Discount stores, Wal-Mart Super Centers, Sam’s Club Warehouses, and Neighborhood Market stores. The company‘s size can be emphasized by the fact that it employees more than 2 million people, reports a profit of close to 100 billion dollars, and has more than 7,000 outlets and counting. The success of the company lies in their customer strategy (Lecavalier). Being the world’s largest retail stores has been part of the growth challenge and customer care improvement. The rapid growth of the company led to new research strategies on the ways of improving its services to its customer base. The major focus was ways of improving customer care services and customer experiences while shopping at the stores. There are several sources of customer information at the dispo sal of the giant retailer, with some of these not used appropriately. The best and reliable sources of customer information are the touch-points of interaction between the company and the firm. There are majorly two touch-points in the Wal-Mart scenario: the pre-consumption stage and the consumption stage. In the pre-consumption stage, Wal-Mart acknowledges that the consumers interact and share a certain amount of with the customer service or the salespeople. This is an important step for Wal-Mart, and the next decision is that of determining what information to capture, and the manner in which the collected data will assist in making decisions on improving customer care procedures. The frontline operation personnel of Wal-Mart are well positioned to gather customer information, and the firm uses them to obtain the information it requires. The frontline personnel receives training on the what, when, and how of eliciting or observing customers and obtaining information (Feller, Shunk , and Callarman, 2006). The other means of obtaining these consumer data is using intermediaries and resellers of the retailers’ products, mainly through promotion, distribution, customer service, or delivery. Wal-Mart uses the gathered information for negotiating with the leading packaged goods manufacturers like Proctor and Gamble for customized products. In the consumption phase, the firm collects consumer data on the enquiries made by consumers on the directions of use. This data provides the company with a wealth of information, especially in the areas of recovery situations and service failure, and assist in product improvement and development efforts. The consumer data collection processes applied by Wal-Mart are systematically maintained and recorded. Nonetheless, there may be other data requirements not available in the above collection methods. The company collects that information through other forms of data collection techniques, mainly research. However, the comp any first determines the most appropriate and effective information that will assist in understanding consumer preferences and needs (Lisanti). The company then decides on the appropriate decision and choice regarding the suitable consumer research method (Feller, Shunk and Callarman, 2006). For instance, there are several formal and informal measures in the determination of the changes required to improve consumer satisfaction. These methods may be qualitative

Martin Luther and the German Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther and the German Reformation - Essay Example d Though both these extracts logically defy the papal authority and power, yet the â€Å"Address to German Nobility† is more sonorous in tone and diction, and sarcastically condemns the ways adopted and observed by the clergy, in comparison with the :Captivity of the Church.† e Since Luther witnessed the division of the Christian community into the clergy, the nobility and the peasantry, where the former two groups were exploiting the later, so declaring every Christian was extremely essential to eliminate class discrimination from the religion. (Answers): 2 a By justification, Luther simply means the criteria applied by the pope and priests to estimate the character and deeds of ordinary Christians, though Luther views it as entirely a private subject. b Luther symbolises belief with tree, and actions with fruit. He simply states that if belief is at right direction, then actions will also be accurate. However, the Church vehemently looks for good deeds to please the Lo rd, which is in contrast to the Lutheran teachings. c Luther has selected trees and fruits in order to explain the intention and action. He supports faith in comparison to acts, and views faith far more sublime than behaviour. Trees are symbol of origin, while fruit represents actions, so Luther applies these concepts to clarify his point. d Since explaining different things with the help of examples, symbols and signs is helpful in making things clear, Luther’s straightforward and logical description is certainly convincing. e Every religion has described some specific code of life to lead a pious life, and if we revolt against the religious laws by observing the behaviour of our own choice, it will harm and hurt others physically and sentimentally. Consequently, Luther’s good work notion will also endanger law and order situation. (Answers): 3 a Since Christians have taken oath of doing good with the fellow-beings, killing and hurting others comes under the definitio n of forfeiting one’s body and soul. b The ruler’s not tolerating the Gospel even means that even a ruler is going against the Biblical teachings; he should not be attacked, revolted or killed. c Luther views slandering of God’s holy name as the most obnoxious act, which has been turned down with greatest displeasure by him. d Luther preaches the subjects to be loyal and obedient to the rulers at any cast, as it is the essential element of Christ’s teachings. Similarly, the rulers should be kind and sympathetic to the people to please the Lord. Somehow, he lays stress on the subjects to remain complying to the commands and orders of the rulers. e The tone of these extracts appears to be sad, gloomy and distressing, as Luther condemns the desecration of churches and monasteries, as well as the burning and killing of the fellow-beings. TASK-II: The present paper aims to analyse two 20th century secondary sources related to Luther’s reformation moveme nt launched in Germany during the early years of 16th century. These include â€Å"Luther’s Teachings – Luther and the German Reformation 1517-1555† by Keith Randell (1989) and â€Å"Progress of Reform-The Protestant Reformation in Europe† by Andrew Johnston (1991). Both these sources are secondary in nature, where Randell’s article has been created for Catholic priests and religious circles only, while the

Safety in the workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety in the workplace - Term Paper Example First of all, the organization including senior management should be very well aware about the risk factors and potential health hazards/ harms that might be present for workers. These possible harms may be electric cords, toxic chemicals, lead, paints, molds or lifting of heavy goods. It is very important to understand that these risk factors may have different effects. For example chemicals are toxic or explosive, electric cords might produce shocks or fire, excavations may collapse and heat or fire may burn the skins and organs etc. So, keeping in mind all these risk factors, senior administration of an organization should offer measures for the protection of their labors and workers. Organization should offer any policy or procedures that further ensure health of the workers and minimize the risk of work related injuries. Moreover, the rate of work related injuries can be minimized through proper training of workers. Training is the best way to eliminate fatalities. Next to train ing, fitness is also very important for work. Employees and workers should not involve in alcohol and drug activities, stress and fatigue. Worker should be fit emotionally as well as physically. Remember, odd factors can multiply the risk indicators at workplace. So, it is also the responsibility of the staff to provide safety equipments to workers. Beside this staff is also responsible to use these equipments at right time and place. Another way to ensure security guidelines to staff members and employees is an effort to conduct various assignments and workshops. Staff members should also attend the training on time and they should ask questions in case they are not getting the explanations. So, cooperation between workers and instructors may play a great and positive role towards success of safety at workplace program. Furthermore, when we talk about safety at workplace, it is also important to have a complete record of workers health at the time they are joining at any workplace. David P, Stevens also mentioned this concept in his article ‘Quality Lines’. According to him, the first computerized entry was promulgated by Leap Frog Group in America. This entry system came forward to ensure worker’s health care. It was an electronic health record which was valid certification at one end as well as improvement tool at the other. To avoid drug related issues, will change strategy was adopted. K.A Wilson also mentioned some reliable methods that can be adopted by organizations in order to carry out better outcomes regarding safety. As he mentioned in his article ‘Promoting Health Care Safety through training high reliability teams’ that there are several organizations working within a country that are using team methodology to achieve better outcomes regarding safety measures for workers at workplace. With the help of teams, safety as well as productivity both can be enhanced. However, the effectiveness of these teams may differ. Those working in small environments can produce better outcomes as compared to those working in complex organizations. The level of complexity is inversely proportion to effectiveness. However, some organizations have quite disciplined atmosphere like aviation and nuclear power. In such associations despite of all complexities, organizations may maintain and balance effectiveness along with safety. Actually values of any organization and its overall behavior play a

Improving ones own performance Essay Example for Free

Improving ones own performance Essay Every fortnight on a Friday morning my line manager and I have a meeting to discuss my progress. This meeting is also for her feed back so she can see if there is anything I am struggling with, anything I need help with or I am not happy about. To the right is a picture of the scheduled meetings. This is on our Microsoft outlook account. The reason for this is so that if there are areas I am slipping with, for example my time keeping, we can discuss these issues comfortably and resolve them before they become an occurring issue. The need for these meetings is very important. They help monitor my progress by reflecting to my manager what I’ve been working on and how fast/slow I’ve been completing them. By doing these meetings it improves my performance by clearly showing my improvements giving me job satisfaction. I can also gain benefits from theses meetings too as I am improving my performance I may be more likely to be put forwards for a promotion because when my manager sees my hard work, she will inform the managing director and update him upon my progress. She gives me feedback on how I’ve been working and encourages me to do the same as without this I wouldn’t know what to improve or keep the same. Its adds value to my work as I am continuously improving, it also strengthens our relationship as I know what to do next time. During these meeting I have been asked to keep a record of achievement. I have also been asked to evaluate my own performance with a SWOT analysis every six months, so we can compare if there are any changes or areas of improvement. At times she suggest ways of possibly improving my work this helps me greatly as I may not have thought of the idea myself or even have tried it as I am not used to the method. It sometimes saves me a lot of time; this benefits my team and I as I can take on new tasks as I have spare time. Throughout my work I am constantly improving as I am learning new things all the time. As discussed by my manager and me, I have picked up a lot of important information just being in the office. When I am continuously learning it is helping me as when I learn something new I can apply it to situations, where needed. When I am enhancing my skills this helps me too as I know and understand more making my more aware. With my knowledge that has grown I will, in the future, apply it to other companies/organisations. This will benefit my career as I will know crucial information needed, not only to help me with an interview but help me secure another job. In my later life I would like to either study more business administration at university or possibly stay in the world of work and work my way up to become a manager in an office environment. At the end of my contract with Medilink I hope they would keep me on as I could grow my skills to adapt to learning about the other opportunities such as finance or even international work. Throughout my working life I use a PDP to show my achievement that aren’t actually a credited for. This adds great value to me as when I am going for an interview I can show this to my possible new employer. When Sarah and I have our fortnightly meeting I ask for feedback and on the occasion I write this down in my note book as I can reflect on it at a later date. This is because I won’t forget what she has said. I accept it with open arms as this will help me and is not said in a spiteful manor to upset me. It is constructive criticism, this is being assertive. If she wasn’t being assertive then it wouldn’t be good within our working environment. The benefit to this is that she can put her point across without sounding nasty and putting her point across in a respectful manor. I myself also have to be assertive too, for example if I get given a task and I have too much on I simply have say no as I would miss my deadline from taking over someone else job. I will offer an alternative if I can help as we work as a team and if I can save time for someone else I will. Plus when someone one is helping me and I do not agree with a certain way I voice my opinion and suggest to improve their performance, like when Tina was helping me with finding contacts on our database I suggested to sure the search bar rather than looking under the subheadings and finding them by trial and error. When having this meeting sometimes my manager, Sarah and I discus targets for when work needs to be completed. The reason for this is so that I get used to deadlines and can work to realistic target as my input is as important in these discussions as hers. It benefits me as I know I can structure myself to meet these target and they are within my reach. For example: I was given a task to go through the international managers, charlottes, mailing list in correspond to the members list, and our data base to update all three and ensure they are all up to date. We decided because there was 217 contacts on charlottes list that I would be given 22 working days to complete as this allows me to complete 10 a day so I could pick it up and put down the task in hand here and there amongst other tasks. With these discussions about targets we also discus the quality of my work. I set high standards as there are always room for improvements and if I am constantly aiming for the highest possible standard then overtime I should up the bar of my skills. This resulting in be being more knowledgeable. During day to day work there are setbacks that I may come across to overcome these and move forwards I first must accept these otherwise I can’t overcome them. When dealing with them there is one major benefit, it makes me a stronger worker as I know how to tackle them if they occur in the future. Everyday at work there are new challenges and the reason why I adapt the taking them on is because it will be a learning curve and will benefit my future. By adapting to change I grow my personality and move with the time, I am constantly growing my knowledge base and understanding what I need to take in. Treating others with respect honesty and consideration add to the business environment it ensure that the atmosphere we working in is enjoyable. When it is comfortable it promotes more effective working. When helping and supporting others at work, it saves them time as they don’t need to look for the answers and it add to the relationship within the working environment. To do this it is useful and very helpful. To show my targets in order of priority for my own work; is attached a sheet, listed in a random order but there is a coloured key to follow on the back. As you can see I have highlighted them corresponding to the coloured priority. In one of our meetings with Sarah I renegotiated the dead line of the previously mentioned task, the mailing list for Charlotte, in conjunction with the members list and our database. The reason for this was because we had a lot on for the awards event and I slipped behind due to bad time management therefore not being able to complete my task. On a weekly basis I like to achieve the highest possible outcome I can, to do this I set myself high standards. Such as: exceeding my targets. When helping Paul with his signs I completed them up to a brilliant aesthetic look and before my deadline. I laminated each one and got them all ready before he needed them. I was so committed that I stayed behind on one of the days to finish them off before my deadline. This demonstrated my passion for my work. I use my own needs to complete a task and it is my own right to use my own time during work to finish what I have been given. Like last week for example, I used my time during work to start a task I have been given by one of our members of the PR team, Martin. I treat all of my colleagues with respect, as I speak to them all with the right tone. Like in our weekly team briefing, I talk with politeness and do not use harsh tones.

Coliform Bacteria: Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility

Coliform Bacteria: Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Abstract   Bacteriological contamination of muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reared in a pond supplied with domestic sewage was enumerated followed by determination of resistance of thermotolerent coliforms for antibiotics. Numbers of bacteria in muscles and digestive tract contents of fish reflected their densities in water. Muscles of both the fish species contained high numbers of total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC). Escherichia Coli (E.coli) were never recovered from the muscles but from the digestive tract contents of the fish. Ranking of the total and fecal coliform contamination levels showed a decrease in the order digestive tract contents> muscles (p Keywords: Domestic sewage; Fish; Fecal coliforms; Escherichia coli; Water quality; Antibacterial resistance; Public health. Introduction All around the world, people both in rural and urban areas have been using domestic wastes to fertilize fish ponds (Strauss et al. 2000). In the majority of cases, domestic sewages are applied untreated or only partially treated through storage (Strauss 2000). Domestic wastewater, rich in nutrients, used in aquaculture supports the growth of plankton and other microorganisms which are consumed by the fish with little intake of other supplemented feed. Recycling of domestic sewage through aquaculture is an effective form of pollution control, which contributes to cost recovery and provides a source of low cost animal protein production. Domestic sewage transports a variety of human pathogenic microorganisms which may contaminate fish flesh when fish is grown in ponds receiving waste water (Niewolak and Tucholski 2000). Besides, municipal wastewater consists of huge amounts of incompletely metabolized antimicrobial drugs which can lead to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria as well as resistant plasmids (Wiggins et al. 1999). The prominently affected bacteria are members of enterobacteriaceae and related gram negative rods (Kelch and Lee 1978). One of the important concern of wastewater fisheries is the contamination of fishes by fecal coliforms (Fapohunda, MacMillan, Marshall and Waites 1994). Their presence in fish intended for human consumption may constitute a potential danger not only by causing disease but also because of the possible transfer of antibiotic resistance from aquatic bacteria to human-infecting bacteria from nonaquatic sources (Olayemi, Adedayo and Ojo 1991). Therefore, periodic and c omprehensive sanitary survey of wastewater fishery is required. For years, the group of fecal (also called thermotolerant) coliforms (FC) has been the most widely used as fecal contamination as their excreted load is similar or larger than that of pathogenic organisms, and their survival time in the environment longer than that of excreted bacteria and viruses (Strauss 1997). In the present study, an attempt has been made to determine the bacteriological contamination of muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. reared in wastewater fed pond. Resistance to two very common antibiotics for random thermotolerent coliform isolates from muscle and digestive tract contents of both the fish was also determined. Materials and Methods Study Site A sewage fed pond of Bandipur, Rahara, North 24 Parganas, (22 °44N Latitude and 88 °24E Longitude) was taken into consideration for this study and to examine bacterial load of water and fish. Raw sewage was entirely of domestic origin, coming from Titagarh town of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Sampling and Dissection Fish samples were caught with a net and were immediately transferred to the laboratory in containers with pond water. They were dissected according to Buras et al. 1987. Muscles and digestive tract contents were isolated and placed in sterile glass vessels. The tissues were weighed under sterile conditions, ground in a mortar and suspended in sodium chloride (NaCl) physiological solution (10 ml of the solution for each 1 g of the muscle or digestive tract content). The suspensions were homogenized using Universal Laboratory Aid Type MPW-309 homogenizer, at 1000 rpm, for 10 minutes. The homogenates were then serially diluted (10-1 to 10-6 for muscles and 10-1 to 10-7 for digestive tract contents) and inoculated into culture media. Time lag from fish collection to the analyses did not exceed 6 hours. Water from sewage-supplied pond was sampled and analysed simultaneously with fish sampling. Samples were collected monthly from July 2009 to September 2009. Microbiological Analyses Total Coliforms Lauryl Tryptose (LT) Broth at 350C for 48 hr was used for three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) presumptive determinations of coliforms (APHA 1998). From all positive presumptive tubes, total coliforms were confirmed by the formation of gas in any amount in the Durham fermentation tubes of brilliant green lactose bile broth (BGLB) for 48 hr at 350C. Fecal Coliforms and E.coli All positive Lauryl Tryptose (LT) MPN tubes to tubes of Escherichia coli (EC) Broth followed by incubation at 44.50C for 48 hr constitute a positive fecal coliform test. The growth from positive EC tubes was then streaked onto Levine Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar plates and incubated at 35 °C for 18 to 24 h. Colonies from EMB Agar plates typical of E. coli were transferred to Nutrient agar (NA) slants from which GIMViC tests were performed where G-medium is the secondary EC broth, I -medium is Tryptone broth, M- and V-medium is Buffered Glucose broth, and C-medium is Simmons Citrate agar. MPN of E. coli was then computed based on the number of tubes found to contain isolates that produce GIMViC reaction patterns characteristic of E. coli (APHA 2001). Representatives of typical thermotolerent coliform isolates from fish samples were selected randomly by colony morphology on Eosin methylene blue agar and were streaked aseptically several times on freshly prepared nutrient agar plates to obtain pure isolates (Ogbonna, Sokari and Amaku 2008). Nutrient agar plates were then supplemented with ampicillin (50 µg ml-1) and tetracycline (25 µgml-1) and were used to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 117 pure isolates (Miranda and Zemelman 2001). 32 isolates from muscles and 24 isolates from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and 39 strains from muscles and 22 isolates from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity test. Statistical Analyses Means and standard errors (SE) were calculated. T test was performed between bacterial concentration of muscles and digestive tract contents of both the fish. A significance level of 5% was considered (Zar 2007). Results Bacterial loads in muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. were exceptionally high. Total coliforms and fecal coliforms were commonly found in all analysed fish tissues. Escherichia Coli were not found in the muscles of either fish. Additionally, however, thermotolerant Escherichia coli were present in the digestive tract contents of both the fish (Table 2). Bacterial loads in the fish were significantly higher (p Antibiotic resistance pattern Of the 117 thermotolerent coliform isolates examined for antibiotic sensitivity, 82% (96 isolates out of 117) were tetracycline resistant and 65% (76 isolates out of 117) were ampicillin resistant. 58.11% (68 isolates out of 117) of the total isolates were resistant to both antibiotics where as 31% (36 isolates out of 117) were resistant to single antibiotic. From the single antibiotic resistant isolates, 24% were tetracycline resistant and 7% were ampicillin resistant (Figure 1). 56.41% isolates (22 isolates out of 39) from flesh and 22.72% (5 isolates out of 22) from digestive tract contents of Labeo sp. showed resistance to both antibiotics whereas 71.87% isolates from flesh (23 isolates out of 32) and 75% (18 isolates out of 24) from digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline (Figure 2). Discussion Comparison of fecal coliform counts of water of Bandipur sewage fed fish pond with WHO (World Health Organization) water quality criteria (WHO 1989) suggests considerable contamination of the first. Bacterial flora of fish reflects the bacteriological quality of the water from where the fish harvested (Geldrich and Clarke 1966). Strong correlation between the bacterial species present in the pond water and the fish regardless of the type of fish were also reported by Buras et al. 1987; Ogbondeminu 1993; Apun, Yusofand and Jugang 1999. Thus, in our study, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E.coli recovered from muscles and digestive tract contents of Oreochromis sp. and Labeo sp. may reflect bacteriological water quality of the Bandipur sewage fed pond. Fecal coliforms in fish muscles were recovered when values of FC in water were 3.86+3.63105 MPN 100 ml-1 which were much higher than those recommended by WHO (1989) in its health guidelines on wastewater use in aquaculture. Fecal coliforms in fish reflect the level of pollution of their environment, as the normal floras of fish do not include coliforms (Cohen and Shuval 1973). Presence of fecal coliforms indicates the presence of fecal material from warm-blooded animals. However, thermotolerent coliforms include the genera of fecal as well as non fecal origin. E. coli is a species of fecal coliform bacteria that is specific to fecal material from humans and other warm-blooded animals (Bhatia 2008). Environmental Protection Agency (1992) thus recommends E. coli as the best fecal indicator of health risk from water. No detectable penetration of E.coli in muscles of either fish was found at 1.34+0.95104 MPN 100 ml-1 of E.coli concentration in water of sewage fed pond (Table 1). Thus, th e fish flesh qualities at harvest were good on the basis of their E. coli counts. Safety precautions during fish processing are still needed to avoid cross-contamination due to high accumulation of microorganisms in the digestive tract of fish. In this study significantly higher numbers of bacteria (p A wide range of thermotolerent coliforms isolated from sewage fed fish showed resistance to both ampicillin and tetracycline. Multiple anitibiotic resistant faecal coliforms have been observed in wastewater across the world (Gallert et al. 2005). Antibiotic resistance among random bacterial isolates from different organs of fish captured from fecally contaminated water with a full range of resistance (00-100%) to different common antibiotics of therapeutic and prophylactic use among human beings and in various animal farms and fish farms was reported by several authors. (Rhodes et al. 2000; Miranda and Zemelman 2001; Pathak and Gopal 2005). Thus the source of the problem of antibiotic resistance bacteria in wastewater pond of Bandipur was fecally contaminated water. Among thermotolerent coliforms recovered from fish, resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was found in 65% and 82% of the isolates, respectively. Occurrence of thermotolerent coliforms with high resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline reflect human influence in the environment (Andersen and Sandaa 1994). Domestic sewage enters into the pond environment of the sewage fed farm with huge antibiotics which are used as medicines, as growth promoters or as preventative maintenance and may have established a selective pressure due to a slow degradation of antimicrobials favouring further growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Petersen and Dalsgaard 2003). It may possible that these antibiotic resistant bacteria from wastewater may transfer their antibiotic resistant determinants to indigenous flora of fish, provoking their spread and prevalence in aquatic environment. In the present study bacteria resistant to both ampicillin and tetracycline from digestive tract contents were higher in Oreochromis sp. than in Labeo sp. It may be related to detritus feeding habit of Oreochromis sp. by which it is more exposed to wastes as well as antimicrobials than Labeo sp. which is a column feeder. Similar findings were reported by Miranda and Zemelman (2001) with demersal and pelagic fish. Antibiotic resistant fecal bacteria form domestic sewage may change nutritionally beneficial intestinal microflora with unexpected consequences on fish health. Our study indicates that fish flesh qualities were satisfactory in terms of E.coli counts. In spite of that flesh of both fish showed high numbers of antibiotic resistant thermotolerent coliforms which may include Klebsiella spp., Citrobactor spp. and Enterobacter spp. (non fecal origin) but till have immense ecological and public health implications specially if the resistance is plasmid mediated then there could be a problem associated with the transfer of resistance determinants to human pathogenic bacteria which may enter in human population through fish consumption. According to Walia et al. (2004) antibiotic resistance genes against ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline are known to be transferable to other bacteria. Thus, we can say that Wastewaters and fishes reside there are potent source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which in turn may transfer their resistance genes to nonresistant bacteria (Schwartz et al. 2003). Several studies indicate that the environmental conditions in wastewater may enhance the likelihood of gene transfer (Pote et al. 2003). Mach and Grimes (1982) demonstrated the high transfer frequencies of enteric bacteria in a wastewater. Additionally resistant bacteria may pose a risk of therapeutic problems to public health and fish population. So the study demands an elaborate investigation on the members of predominant multidrug resistant bacterial microflora associated with sewage fed fishery along with their plasmids profile as an evidence of conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in human and animal food chain through fish consumption.

Surgery :: essays research papers

Surgery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My stomach and throat seemed to be playing ping pong with my heart as I entered the hospital’s waiting room. All week I had been playing it cool telling everyone that the surgery was not that big of a deal, and that I was enthused about all the attention I would be receiving. But today reality had hit me. I had never been through anything like this before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The waiting room was sparsely filled with families waiting for their loved ones. I tried to look at the various magazines, but nothing helped relieve the tight feeling in my stomach. Finally after what seemed like an eternity the nurse called my name. I slowly got up, and headed through the door with my family. I was thankful that they were there. Their presence made me feel more at ease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was asked to change into the attractive dress without a back, and then I was handed some funny looking socks. I looked like an eighty year old lady in a fifteen year-old’s body with my new outfit. Another nurse entered the room to take my vitals, and give me an IV, the needle that she pulled out of the plastic looked huge. I had had shots before, but an IV was a completely different deal. After the IV was secured, I was afraid to move my arm, in case the IV fell out, because I was not having the nurse stick me again. With my vitals recorded, and my first shot administered to relax me, I was feeling slightly better about the procedure. Just when I was convincing myself that this would not be so bad, a nurse with a sour disposition came to wheel me away. Then it hit me, my family could not follow me to this next part, I was on my own. I had hardly noticed their presence for the last half hour, but now I was suddenly aware of their pending absence. As they w heeled me down the hall away from my mom, dad and sister, I had the urge to jump out of the Gurney, and race back to them.